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House style

The information in the table below applies, mostly, both to the text itself and to the endnotes.

Type Example of suggested use Italics Uppercase (significant words) Single quotes Double quotes
Exhibition Another Great Show Yes Yes No No
Books Art for Dummies Yes Yes No No
Magazine / Newspaper / Journal names The New York Times Yes Yes No No
Article titles referred to in text 'About Art' No Yes Yes No
Word usage - English word X uses 'cute' to mean 'nice'. No No Yes No
Word usage - non-English and infrequent This painting has a certain je ne sais quoi. Yes No No No
Reported speech He said, "Hey!" No No No Yes

Other

  • Endnotes in text - use superscript Arabic numeral  - e.g. 1; put the numeral after the comma or full stop in the sentence - "According to John Doe, this is true.1"
  • Endnotes: (a) see notes on Chicago Style below; (b) put number before each reference in endnotes - "1. John Doe, ..."
  • We use bold in only one place: the author byline - "Joe Bloggs lectures in Rocket Science at University College Dublin.
  • Full stops: "J. G. Jones," not "J G Jones."
  • Dashes: space before and after, e.g. "This - and that." All dashes get shortened to hyphens when uploaded, but should be created using alt-hyphen in Word.
  • Hyphenation

    • No hyphen between adverb and following word - e.g., "quickly flowing river," not "quickly-flowing river."
    • Hyphenate between words that form a compound adjective, e.g., "Quick-draw maestro X can't paint at all."
    • Hyphenate numbers under 100, e.g. "thirty-six."
    • Generally when term is descriptive, e.g. "eighteenth-century painters."
  • However: put commas before and after - "He is, however, very pedantic." - except when it means 'no matter how' - "However fast he runs, he'll never catch her."
  • It's: never means 'of it'.
  • Dates

o      Day month year: "23 May 1991"

o      "eighteenth century," not "18th century"

o      In approximation of date "c. 1982" (note 'c.' is in italics with full stop)

o      "1920s," not "1920's"

o      "'80s" or "eighties," providing consistent

  • Numbers

o      Spell out numbers under 100: "thirty-six" (hyphenate)

o      In an instance of both, e.g. "There were 99 or 100 people there, choose numerals or words."

  • Quotes:

    • Single for word usage: e.g., "Better to leave out the word 'actually' altogether, as it actually rarely means anything at all."
    • Double for reported speech: Judd says, "Hey!"
    • Single for reported speech or word usage within reported speech.
    • Put comma or full stop / period after single quote, before double quote.
    • Put question mark or exclamation mark before double quotes.
    • Put semicolon after single and double quotes.
    • Never italicise quotes.
    • Where a word or phrase is italicised within a quote, say after the quote whose italics they are, if it's ambiguous - "(italics in original)" or "(my italics)."
    • Apostrophe with no extra 's' used in possession e.g. "James' bike" ("James's" is also OK providing consistent). In plural, no apostrophe, e.g. "the Joneses" (not "the Jones's")
  • Spelling: British or American are both acceptable - though preferably not within the same text.
  • Affect and effect: these cause a lot of ambiguity - please be careful.
  • Geographical terms: When it comes to Britain and Ireland, these cause a lot of confusion. Please see appendix.

Chicago-Style Citation Quick Guide

Please note that the information given below is for guidance only. Other formats are acceptable, as long as they are clear and contain the necessary information.

Book

One author

Wendy Doniger, Splitting the Difference (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1999), p. 65.

Two authors

Guy Cowlishaw and Robin Dunbar, Primate Conservation Biology (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000), pp. 104-7.

Four or more authors

Edward O. Laumann et al., The Social Organisation of Sexuality: Sexual Practices in the United States (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994), p. 262.

Editor, translator, or compiler instead of author

Richmond Lattimore, trans., The Iliad of Homer (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1951), pp. 91-92.

Editor, translator, or compiler in addition to author

Yves Bonnefoy, New and Selected Poems, ed. John Naughton and Anthony Rudolf (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1995), p. 22.

Chapter or other part of a book

Andrew Wiese, '"The House I Live In": Race, Class, and African American Suburban Dreams in the Postwar United States', in The New Suburban History, ed. Kevin M. Kruse and Thomas J. Sugrue (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006), pp. 101-2.

Chapter of an edited volume originally published elsewhere (as in primary sources)

Quintus Tullius Cicero, 'Handbook on Canvassing for the Consulship', in Rome: Late Republic and Principate, ed. Walter Emil Kaegi Jr. and Peter White, vol. 2 of University of Chicago Readings in Western Civilization, ed. John Boyer and Julius Kirshner (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1986), p. 35.

Preface, foreword, introduction, or similar part of a book

James Rieger, introduction to Frankenstein; or, The Modern Prometheus, by Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982), pp. xx-xxi.

Book published electronically

If a book is available in more than one format, you should cite the version you consulted, but you may also list the other formats, as in the second example below. If an access date is required include it parenthetically at the end of the citation, as in the first example below.

Journal article

Article in a print journal

John Maynard Smith, 'The Origin of Altruism', Nature 393 (1998), p. 639.

Article in an online journal

If an access date is required include it parenthetically at the end of the citation, as in the fourth example below.

Mark A. Hlatky et al., 'Quality-of-Life and Depressive Symptoms in Postmenopausal Women after Receiving Hormone Therapy: Results from the Heart and Estrogen/Progestin Replacement Study (HERS) Trial', Journal of the American Medical Association 287, no. 5 (2002), http://jama.ama-assn.org/issues/v287n5/rfull/joc10108.html#aainfo.

Popular magazine article

Steve Martin, 'Sports-Interview Shocker', New Yorker, May 6, 2002, p. 84.

Newspaper article

William S. Niederkorn, 'A Scholar Recants on His 'Shakespeare' Discovery', New York Times, June 20, 2002, Arts section, Midwest edition.

Book review

James Gorman, 'Endangered Species', review of The Last American Man, by Elizabeth Gilbert, New York Times Book Review, June 2, 2002, p. 16.

Web page

Online sources that are analogous to print sources (such as articles published in online journals, magazines, or newspapers) should be cited similarly to their print counterparts but with the addition of a URL. Please also include an access date (e.g. 'accessed 14 July 2010') if possible. For online or other electronic sources that do not have a direct print counterpart (such as an institutional Website or a Weblog), give as much information as you can in addition to the URL.

Evanston Public Library Board of Trustees, 'Evanston Public Library Strategic Plan, 2000-2010: A Decade of Outreach', Evanston Public Library, http://www.epl.org/library/strategic-plan-00.html; accessed 10 July 2010.

Weblog entry or comment

Peter Pearson, comment on 'The New American Dilemma: Illegal Immigration', The Becker-Posner Blog, comment posted March 6, 2006, http://www.becker-posner-blog.com/archives/2006/03/the_new_america.html#c080052; accessed 28 March 2008.

E-mail message

John Doe, e-mail message to author, 31 October, 2005.

Item in online database

Pliny the Elder, The Natural History, ed. John Bostock and H. T. Riley, in the Perseus Digital Library, http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Plin.+Nat.+1.dedication; accessed 17 November 2005.

The above is adapted from http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html

­

Appendix: Geographical terms (Britain and Ireland)

Suggestions:

Common term Intended meaning Suggested term instead
Ireland Republic of Ireland "Republic of Ireland," or "Republic" if the meaning is clear
Irish Republic Republic of Ireland "Republic of Ireland," or "Republic" if the meaning is clear
Ireland Whole island "Island of Ireland," or "Northern Ireland and the Republic," or just "Ireland," if meaning is clear.
U.K. Britain (excluding Northern Ireland) "Britain"
Britain U.K. (i.e., including Northern Ireland) "U.K." (or "United Kingdom")
U.K. England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland "U.K." (or "United Kingdom")
British Isles U.K. "U.K." (or "United Kingdom")
British Isles, post 1921 Britain and Ireland "Britain and Ireland"
British Isles, pre 1921 Britain and Ireland "British Isles" or "Britain and Ireland" or "U.K" (or "United Kingdom")
Irish If in doubt, use "from Ireland" or "from Northern Ireland" - e.g., "Is Francis Bacon an Irish artist or an artist from Ireland?"
Britain England "England"
Ulster Northern Ireland "Northern Ireland"
Ulster 9 counties of Ulster "Ulster" or "nine counties of Ulster"
6 Counties Northern Ireland "Northern Ireland"
26 Counties Republic of Ireland "Republic" or "Republic of Ireland"
Éire Republic of Ireland "Republic" or "Republic of Ireland"

The above table does not exhaust the possibilities!

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